2015-10-17

The Thirteenth Tribe

The Thirteenth Tribe

is a 1976 book by Arthur Koestler, in which he advances the thesis that Ashkenazi Jews are not descended from the historical Israelites of antiquity, but from Khazars, a Turkic people.

Koestler's hypothesis is that the Khazars (who converted to Judaism in the 8th century) migrated westwards into Eastern Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries when the Khazar Empire 
was collapsing.

Leningrad Codex.
Pirmieji įstatymai, kurie mini žydus, buvo Vytauto privilegijos Trakų žydams...

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The Crimean Karaites or Krymkaraylar (Crimean Karaim: Кърымкъарайлар sg. къарай – qaray; Trakai Karaim: sg. karaj, pl. karajlar, Hebrew: קראי מזרח אירופה, Turkish: Karaylar), also known as Karaim and Qarays, are an ethnic group derived from Turkic-speaking adherents of Karaism, historically residing in the Crimea peninsula. Some Krymkaraylar moved to Eastern Europe during the 13th century and later migrated further into the territory of the Russian Empire of the time, notably to territories of modern Lithuania and Poland. "Karaim" is the name in Russian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, and Polish for this religious community.
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