When I was asked for the meaning of “deutsch” in a German class, I was confused. Even beginners ought to know that “deutsch” translates to German. However, my students were not after the translation at all. They had noticed that “deutsch” has many althogether different names in different languages. It is German in English, allemande in French, tedesco in Italian, tysk in Swedisch, duits in Dutch, alemán in Spanish, německy in Czeck, niemiecki in Polish and so on.
Today the word deutsch refers to
•the language spoken mostly in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (and in some other countries). When refering to the language you write Deutsch with capital letter.
•everything, which has to do with Germany or German people.
However, to answer the questions of my students, we have to consider the history of words, i.e. their etymology. Deutsch is derived from de indoeuropean root *þeudō, which roughly translates to “people” as in nation (the letter þ is pronounced like a voicelss th). This root has a lot of children in different languages. Those words refer to so called vernaculars, in opposition to Latin, which was the lingua franca.
The Latin word for such vernaculars was theodisce. On the British Islands it was used as a name for Old English. In Old High German there was the term diutisc, in Middle High German tiutsch or diutsch. Therefore, “Deutsch” can be translated to “the language, spoken by the (common) population”, in opposition to Latin. Later on, the term was used to differentiate between romanic and germanic languages. In the 10th and 11th century Diutisc and tiutsch were used as a name for the germanic languages spoken on the continent. Even dutch dialects were called “Deutsch”. The Englisch word Dutch is a relict of those days. Today German and Dutch are different but similar languages.
But why are the words for German so different? In the list above you can discern four different groups. Some are related to the word deutsch. For instance Italian tedesco, Dutch duits or Swedisch tysk . Those languages use a form of the self-designation german speakers use.
The English word German comes form Latin. Julius Caesar used the word Germani to speak about tribes in the north-east of Gaul. The precise origin of the word is unknown. It might have been the name of a particular tribe.
The French and Spanish words are derived from another group of tribes, called Allemanni. They lived in the region we call Alsace today.
The forth group of words ( like Czeck německy and Polish niemiecki) might have been derived from the name of another germanic tribe. The Nemeter lived in the region of Lake Constance. But this explanation is not uncontested.
Šitas vienas iš įdomesnių.
Galima pridėti ir mūsiškąjį vokietis.
Kodėl, vis tik, kitos tautos juos, vokiečius, vadina skirtingai?
Paspėliokim.
1. Skirtingos tautos todėl juos vadina skirtingai, kad kažkada istoriškai "susipažino" su buvusiojo II Reicho ne tik skirtingomis dalimis, bet ir skirtingu metu.
2. Tai, kas dabar vadinama Vokietija/Deutchland yra visiškai ne to paties turinio darinys, kaip frankų žemėse gimusi Šventoji (Vokiškąją vėliau tapusi) Romos Imperija.
3. Tai, kas mūsų galvose yra Vokietija, gal gana dirbtinai ir tik vėlesniais laikais imta sieti su senesniosios Romos Imperijos klonu - Šventąja Romos Imperija?
Štai, rašo, kad žodis Deutsher imperijos pavadinime atsirado kaip Teutscher ir ne taip jau senai.
Neišeina iš galvos toji Pakartoto Įstatymo knyga, šito II Reicho mums atnešta, bet tautiečių nešėjų Deutoronomija nevadinama.
Graikai, šiaip jau, svetimšalius vadino barbarais, taip pat ir vokiečius-germanus.
δεύτερος m (défteros) feminine δεύτερη, neuter δεύτερο
1.(ordinal) second
Ήρθε δεύτερος στο Μαραθώνιο.
e came second in the marathon.
2.inferior
δεύτερης ποιότητας
inferior quality
δεύτερος (deuteros)
1.(ordinal) second
Etymology Uncertain. Traditionally viewed as a δύο (duo, “two”) + -τερος (-teros, “comparative suffix”). However, modern research seems to indicate the initial component to more likely be related to δεύω (deuō, “I lack”) or δεῦτε (deute, “come here!”).
דייַטש
דייטש
Deitch.
Deutsch is a German surname, meaning German. When transliterated from other languages, it may also be spelled as Deutch, Deitch, Deich, Dajč.
Biblijoj pirmoji tauta tikrai ne Heiliges Deutscher Nation.
δεῦτε (deute, “come here?)
O kodėl Deuteronomy Žaislų Generatorius Vokietijoj?
...
Beliko, pridurti, kad, kaip ir Mozės ragai, taip ir Deuteronomy, anglai sako, tėra vertimo klaida:
The Book of Deuteronomy ... English title is from a Greek mis-translation of the Hebrew phrase mishneh ha-torah ha-zoth, "a copy of this law", in Deuteronomy 17:18, as to deuteronomion touto - "this second law".
Tie vertėjai...
Jau antra vertimo klaida Biblijoj.
Abidvi neištaisytos.
Daytsh.
from Proto-Germanic *þeudiskaz (“popular”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂
...
דייַטש
דייַטש
דייַטשלאַנד
דייַטשלאַנד
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