"Fugu Plan" and Lithuania
Shortly prior to and during World War II, and coinciding with the Second Sino-Japanese War, tens of thousands of Jewish refugees were resettled in the Japanese Empire. The onset of the European war by Nazi Germany involved the lethal mass persecutions and genocide of Jews, later known as the Holocaust, resulting in thousands of Jewish refugees fleeing east. Many ended up in Japanese-occupied China.
Memorandums written in 1930s Imperial Japan proposed settling Jewish refugees escaping Nazi-occupied Europe in Japanese-controlled territory. As interpreted by Marvin Tokayer
Memorandums written in 1930s Imperial Japan proposed settling Jewish refugees escaping Nazi-occupied Europe in Japanese-controlled territory. As interpreted by Marvin Tokayer
and Swartz (who used the term "Fugu Plan"*, "河豚計画", that was used by the Japanese to describe this plan), they proposed that large numbers of Jewish refugees should be encouraged to settle in Manchukuo or Japan-occupied Shanghai,[1] thus gaining the benefit of the supposed economic prowess of the Jews and also convincing the United States, and specifically American Jewry, to grant political favor and economic investment into Japan. The idea was partly based on the acceptance of the The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as being as a genuine document by at least part of the Japanese leadership.[2]
In 1939 the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, making the transport of Jews from Europe to Japan far more difficult. The events of 1940 only solidified the impracticality of executing the Fugu Plan in any official, organized way. The USSR annexed the Baltic states, further cutting off the possibilities for Jews seeking to escape Europe. The Japanese government signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, completely eliminating the possibility of any official aid for the plan from Tokyo.
Rašytojas susisiekė su S. Korentajero JAV gyvenančiu anūku, kad šis atsiųstų senelio vizos kopiją. Atidžiau panagrinėjus dokumentą, paaiškėjo, kad jis buvo išduotas 1941 m. ir leidžia kelionę į JAV per Japonijos uostus. Ant dokumento buvo Vladivostoko konsulato antspaudas ir S. Nei parašas.In 1939 the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany, making the transport of Jews from Europe to Japan far more difficult. The events of 1940 only solidified the impracticality of executing the Fugu Plan in any official, organized way. The USSR annexed the Baltic states, further cutting off the possibilities for Jews seeking to escape Europe. The Japanese government signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, completely eliminating the possibility of any official aid for the plan from Tokyo.
Despite this, the Japanese Consul in Kaunas, Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara,
began to issue transit visas to escaping Jews against orders from Tokyo. These allowed them to travel to Japan and stay for a limited time on their way to their final destination, the Dutch colony of Curaçao which required no entry visa. Thousands of Jews received transit visas from him, or through similar means. Some even copied, by hand, the visa that Sugihara had written. After the grueling process of requesting exit visas from the Soviet government, many Jews were allowed to cross Russia on the Trans-Siberian Railway, taking a boat fromVladivostok to Tsuruga and eventually settling in Kobe, Japan.
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Portalo „The Jerusalem Post“ duomenimis, Japonijos konsulas tuometinės SSRS mieste Vladivostoke Saburo Nei
karo metu irgi teikė prieglobsčio ieškantiems žydams vizas į Japoniją. Šį faktą atrado žinomas japonų rašytojas Holokausto tema Akira Kitade, kuriam pavyko atsekti Lenkijos žydo Simono Korentajero leidimo atvykti į Japoniją išrašą.
Saburo Nei, a Japanese diplomat who was stationed in Vladivostok in 1941 and who issued visas to help Jews as they fled Eastern Europe. He is pictured in 1935. Photo courtesy of Akira Kitade
Nepaisant tuo metu vyravusios Japonijos politikos nedalyti tranzitinių vizų be leidimų, panašu, kad S. Nei sprendimus priimdavo savarankiškai. 1941 m. kovą S. Korentajeras su šeima atvyko į Japoniją, vėliau persikėlė į Šanchajų Kinijoje ir galiausiai 1947 m. pasiekė JAV.
Su rašytoju bendradarbiavęs Tokijuje esančio Kokušikano universiteto profesorius Yakovas Zinbergas, nagrinėdamas Rusijos valstybinius archyvus, surado S. Nei prisipažinimą sovietų pareigūnui, kad „jis išdavė daug tranzitinių vizų be leidimo iš Tokijo“. Šaltiniai teigia, kad jam žydų pabėgėlių buvo nuoširdžiai gaila. Pats diplomatas apie šį žygdarbį niekad oficialiai ir neprasitarė.
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LietAuş Фугу iš DAngAuş
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