Politinis prieglobstis

Right of asylum (or political asylum, from the Greek: ἄσυλον) is an ancient juridical notion, under which a person persecuted for political opinions or religious beliefs in his or her own country may be protected by another sovereign authority, a foreign country, or church sanctuaries (as in medieval times). This right has its roots in a longstanding Western tradition—although it was already recognized by the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Hebrews — Descartes went to the Netherlands, Voltaire to England, Hobbes to France (followed by many English nobles during the English Civil War, etc.; each state offered protection to foreign persecuted persons.

The asylum in the European Union was formed since a half-century in its Member States by application of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 on the Status of Refugees.

Prieglobstis gali būti teisinis, politinis.

Suomijos migracijos tarnyba suteikė politinį prieglobstį Chadižat ir Malikui Gatajevams, kurie iš Lietuvos buvo priversti pasitraukti dėl Valstybės saugumo departamento (VSD) persekiojimo.

Tai nuosprendis ir visai Lietuvos teisinei sistemai.

Tai pirmas atvejis Europos istorijoje, kai trečiosios šalies - Rusijos - piliečiams suteikiama apsauga nuo vienos iš Europos Sąjungos (ES) narių, šiuo atveju Lietuvos, kitoje.

Rex erectus

rex
1610s, from L. rex (gen. regis) "a king," related to regere "to keep straight, guide, lead, rule," from PIE root *reg- "to rule, to lead straight, to put right" (cf. Skt. raj- "king;" O.Ir. ri, gen. rig "king;" see regal).

Regis...

regal
early 14c., from L. regalis "royal, kingly, belonging to a king," from rex (gen. regis) "king," from PIE root *reg- "move in a straight line," hence, "direct, rule, guide" (cf. Skt. raj- "a king, a leader;" Avestan razeyeiti "directs;" Pers. rahst "right, correct;" L. regere "to rule," rex "a king, a leader," rectus "right, correct;" O.Ir. ri, Gaelic righ "a king;" Gaul. -rix "a king," in personal names, e.g. Vircingetorix; Goth. reiks "a leader;" O.E. rice "kingdom," -ric "king," rice "rich, powerful," riht "correct;" Goth. raihts, O.H.G. recht, O.Swed. reht, O.N. rettr "correct").

Rikis...

Nes "gotų ir germanų karaliai pradėjo vadintis Romos imperatoriais – Rex romanorum".

erect (adj.)
late 14c., "upright, not bending," from L. erectus "upright, elevated, lofty; eager, alert, aroused," pp. of erigere "raise or set up," from e- "up" + regere "to direct, keep straight, guide" (see regal). The verb is from c.1400, a back formation from the adjective or else from L. erectus. Related: Erected; erecting.

Vėl ten pat siunčia.

Rex electus.

Karalių vadindavo išrinktuoju – Rex electus – nuo išrinkimo iki karūnavimo Romoje, kai popiežius jį palaimindavo, po to jau tituluodavo Rex romanorum.

Kai palaimindavo, gaudavo tokią karūną.

Kaip Aleksandro.

Barbarai savo karalius, kaip žinome, rinkdavo, skirtingai nuo Romos imperatorių.

Taigi.

20. Žalgirio mūšis 2012-04-25 09:07IP: 80.240.9.72
Ir lenkiška Vikipedija, rašydama apie Žalgirio mūšį, jį iliustruoja paveikslu, kurio centre - Vytautas, Google: Bitwa pod Grunwaldem na obrazie Jana Matejki.

Vikipedija: "Žalgirio mūšis – 1410 m. liepos 15 d. netoli Tanenbergo ir Griunvaldo vykęs mūšis tarp jungtinių Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės ir Lenkijos Karalystės pajėgų ir Teutonų ordino."

Vėlgi Vikipedija, apie Teutonų ordiną rašo, kad tai "Vokiečių ordinas (arba „Kryžiuočių ordinas“; lot. Ordo Teutonicus, Ordo fratrum domus Sanctae Mariae Theutonicorum Ierosolimitanorum) ..... pavaldus popiežiui ir Vokietijos imperatoriui". Nors eina kalba ne apie Vokietijos, o apie Šventosios Romos Imperijos (vok. Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation; lot. Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae) imperatorių.

Ar nuostabu, kad dabar pasigendama Vytauto Didžiojo karūnos iš Romos, kelis šimtmečius siuntusios kryžiuočius ant mūsų galvų, karūnos su kryžium?

Gal nenuostabu.

Kažkodėl apie šitai beveik nekalbama.

Kaip ir apie tai, kad vėliau už Vytautą iškilę Rusijos carai apsiėjo be tokios karūnos, kaip ir Anglijos karaliai ir karalienės apsieina, ligi šiolei.

Britai senokai iš nieko negauna ir neprašo karūnų, ir netgi leidžia sau pasišaipyti.

Ar ta "prarasta karališkoji Vytauto karūna" nėra įrodymas to, kad Vytautas Didysis taip ir nenusilenkė?

Rex erectus.

Stockholms Banco

Johan Palmstruch had made two failed proposals for the creation of a banking institution in the 1650s before his third proposal, with the addition of a promise to pay half of the bank's profits to the crown, was accepted. King Charles X Gustav thus signed two charters on November 30, 1656 to create an exchange bank and a loans bank.

Toks tokį pažino...

The first of these (which opened in July 1657) took deposits for a fee (and accruing no interest) with the account owner later able to withdraw the money as cash or to write cheques. The second (which opened at the beginning of 1659) provided loans, financed by the bank owners and secured against property. These two departments were combined in Stockholms Banko with Palmstruch as general manager.

Stockholms Banco was founded in 1657 with Johan Palmstruch (1611 in Riga – 1671; named Johan Wittmacher before he was ennobled) appointed as general manager.

The bank itself was nothing new as it was simply an imitation of the successful public deposit banks of Amsterdam and Hamburg, however Palmstruch himself added two important innovations.

The first of these was to use money deposited into accounts at the bank to finance loans, however this soon became a problem as the deposits were usually short-term and the loans long-term, meaning that deposited money was unavailable to be withdrawn by account holders.

Palmstruch's second innovation, and his solution to this problem, was the introduction in 1661 of Kreditivsedlar ("credit paper"), the first European banknotes, which would be exchangeable at any time for the metal coins they were replacing. These were very successful, but the bank began lending more than it could afford and printed too many banknotes without the necessary collateral, leading to the bank's collapse in 1668.

Palmstruch was charged with irresponsible book-keeping and with not having the cash to repay these credit notes due to miscalculation and omissions in his book-keeping.

He was unable to make up this shortage and in 1668 was sentenced to loss of his title, loss of his banking privilege, and eternal exile or death. The government reprieved the death penalty and Palmstruch was instead imprisoned.

Pirmas blynas, prisvilo.

Ar vėliau pinigai ištobulėjo?

Na, nebent tuo, kad spausdinti ar kitaip juos tiesiogiai kurti ėmėsi centriniai bankai, tariamai mūsų vardu - juk jie tituluojami valstybių centriniais bankais.

Kiti gi bankai, savo ruožtu, tuos pinigus po keliskart mums perskolina, t.y., faktiškai iš naujo gamina ir skolina mums tuos tariamai vertingus pinigus.

Dėl to.

Po šito fokuso jų, pinigų, perdaug padirbta, kaip nutiko Johan'ui Palmstruch'ui, nebebūna.

Dėl šitos paprastos priežasties.

Kodėl jiems vergaujam?

Stokholmo sindromas – psichologinis reiškinys, kuomet pagrobimo metu įkaitai (aukos) ima jausti teigiamus dalykus, jausmus (pvz., savanorišką paklusnumą, pagarbą ir pan.) jų pagrobėjams, nepaisydami to, kad pagrobimo metu yra pavojus jų gyvybei ir (ar) sveikatai.

Sindromas buvo pavadintas pagal banko „Kreditbanken“ apiplėšimą Stokholme, Norrmalmstorg rajone 1973 metų rugpjūčio mėnesį. Aukos (banko darbuotojai) ėmė sieti save su pagrobėjais (nors išbuvo kartu tik 6 dienas), o po išlaisvinimo netgi ėmė juos ginti. Stokholmo sindromo terminą pasiūlė kriminologas ir psichiatras Nils Bejerot.

Stockholms Banco (also known as the Bank of Palmstruch or Palmstruch Bank) in Sweden was the first European bank to print banknotes.

It was to be the precursor to the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden.

Johan Palmstruch was born in Riga in 1611. As a young man he moved to Amsterdam but ended up in jail for a few years. He was arrested in 1639 because his creditors declared him insolvent and they feared he might flee the country without paying his debts. After his release however Palmstruch gave another version of the story and asserted he had enough money to settle his accounts. If this were true, other reasons might have been decisive. A plausible hypothesis is economic espionage, especially because later on in his carreer he often referred to the Bank of Amsterdam as example.

Toks va europinių popierinių pinigų kradulas.