In the United States, the "deep state" is a theory[1][2][3][4][5] which suggests that collusion and cronyism exist within the US political system and constitute a hidden government within the legitimately elected government.[6][7][8][9][10] Author Mike Lofgren believes that there is "a hybrid association of elements of government and parts of top-level finance and industry that is effectively able to govern the United States without reference to the consent of the governed as expressed through the formal political process",[11] or consider the deep state to encompass corruption prevalent among career politicians and civil servants.[12]
The term was originally coined to refer to a relatively invisible state apparatus in Turkey "composed of high-level elements within the intelligence services, military, security, judiciary, and organized crime" and similar alleged networks in other countries including Egypt, Ukraine, Spain, Colombia, Italy, Israel, and many others.[12]
According to the journalist Robert Worth, "the expression deep state had originated in Turkey in the 1990s, where the military colluded with drug traffickers and hit men to wage a dirty war against Kurdish insurgents".[13] The term "deep state" is likely a translation from the Turkish derin devlet (literally: "deep state" or "deep polity").[14]
In The Concealment of the State, Professor Jason Royce Lindsey argues that even without a conspiratorial agenda, the term deep state is useful for understanding aspects of the national security establishment in developed countries, with emphasis on the United States. Lindsey writes that the deep state draws power from the national security and intelligence communities, a realm where secrecy is a source of power.[15]:35–36 Alfred W. McCoy states that the increase in the power of the U.S. intelligence community since the September 11 attacks "has built a fourth branch of the U.S. government" that is "in many ways autonomous from the executive, and increasingly so."[16]
In a Foreign Affairs journal article and subsequent expansion in a law review, UCLA Law professor Jon D. Michaels rejects "the premise of an American deep state” in a defense of what he terms the 'administrative state' against Trump's attempts to “deconstruct" it. Michaels argues that the concept of the 'deep state' is more relevant to developing governments such as Egypt, Pakistan and Turkey, "where shadowy elites in the military and government ministries have been known to countermand or simply defy democratic directives" than the United States "where governmental power structures are almost entirely transparent".[17][18]
In May 2017, former Democratic U.S. Representative Dennis Kucinich stated in an interview on Fox News that a deep state within the bureaucracy is trying to destroy Trump's presidency. He further elaborated "The political process of the United States of America [is] under attack by intelligence agencies and individuals in those agencies...You have politicization of agencies that is resulting in leaks from anonymous, unknown people and the intention is to take down a president...Now this is very dangerous to America. It's a threat to our republic, it constitutes a clear and present danger to our way of life. So we have to be asking, what is the motive of these people? Who's putting these leaks out? Why doesn't somebody come forward and make a charge and put their name and reputation behind it, instead of attacking through the media and not substantiating their position?" In an interview several months earlier Kucinich said "What's at the core of this is an effort by some in the intelligence community to upend any positive relationship between the U.S. and Russia...There are people trying to separate the U.S. and Russia so this military-industrial-intel axis can cash in.”[19][20]
According to David Gergen, quoted in Time magazine, the term has been appropriated by Steve Bannon and Breitbart News and other supporters of the Trump Administration in order to delegitimize the critics of the current presidency.[21] The 'deep state' theory has been dismissed by authors for The New York Times[22] and New York Observer.[23] University of Miami Professor Joseph Uscinski says, "The concept has always been very popular among conspiracy theorists, whether they call it a deep state or something else."[24]
Former NSA leaker Edward Snowden has used the term generally to refer to the influence of civil servants over elected officials: "the deep state is not just the intelligence agencies, it is really a way of referring to the career bureaucracy of government. These are officials who sit in powerful positions, who don't leave when presidents do, who watch presidents come and go ... they influence policy, they influence presidents."[25]
In an opinion piece by linguist Geoffrey Nunberg, he said the "deep state" is an "elastic label – depending on the occasion" and its "story conforms to the intricate grammar of those conspiracy narratives". He also contrasted the change in the "twin bogeys of conservative rhetoric", from bureaucratic "meddlesome bunglers" of "big government" to "conniving ideologues" who "orchestrates complex schemes".[26]
According to political scientist George Friedman, the Deep State has been in place since 1871 and continues beneath the federal government, controlling and frequently reshaping policies; in this view the U.S. civil service, was created to limit the power of the president. Prior to 1871, the president could select federal employees, all of whom served at the pleasure of the president. This is no longer the case.[27]
On March 20, 2018, Senator Rand Paul said "Absolutely there is a deep state because the deep state is the intelligence communities that do not have oversight." He continued, "There is no skeptic" [emphasis in original] among the four Republican and four Democratic Senators "who are supposedly" providing oversight, so that the intelligence communities, "with their enormous power ... have become a deep state."[28] On December 4, 2018, Paul, in commenting on the CIA Director briefing only those eight Senators rather than the entire Senate, he added "Do you want to know what the deep state is? The CIA Director is coming to the US Senate and only briefing a select few members of the Senate. Why shouldn’t every senator know what is going on? The deep state wants to keep everyone in the dark. This is just ridiculous"[29] On December 10, 2018, he said "The very definition of a 'deep state’ is when the very people, congressional leaders – people who are elected by the people – are not allowed to hear the intelligence."[30]
Writing in a piece for the Moyers & Company website, John Light asserts that the term deep state "has been used for decades abroad to describe any network of entrenched government officials who function independently from elected politicians and work toward their own ends," but during the era of Trump the term has been twisted to mean "a sub rosa part of the liberal establishment, that crowd resistant to the reality TV star’s insurgent candidacy all along."[31]
In February 2020, Trump cabinet member and acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney, when asked if a deep state working against President Trump exists stated that it was "absolutely 100% true".[32]
Michael Crowley, senior foreign affairs correspondent for Politico wrote, "Beneath the politics of convenience is the reality that a large segment of the United States government really does operate without much transparency or public scrutiny, and has abused its awesome powers in myriad ways."[33]
The term "deep state" has been associated with the "military–industrial complex" by several of the authors on the subject.[34] Potential risks from the military–industrial complex were raised in President Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1961 farewell address: "In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist."[35] Stephen F. Cohen in his book War with Russia? (released November 27, 2018), claims that "At least one U.S.–Soviet summit seems to have been sabotaged. The third Eisenhower–Khrushchev meeting, scheduled for Paris in 1960, was aborted by the Soviet shoot-down of a US U-2 spy plane sent, some think, by 'deep state' foes of detente."[36]
Mike Lofgren has claimed the military-industrial complex is the private part of the deep state.[37] However, Marc Ambinder has suggested that a myth about the "deep state" is that it functions as one entity; in reality, he states, "the deep state contains multitudes, and they are often at odds with one another."[38]
Tufts University professor Michael J. Glennon claimed that President Barack Obama did not succeed in resisting and/or changing what he calls the "double government": the defense and national security network.[39] Mike Lofgren felt Obama was pushed into the Afghanistan "surge" in 2009.[11] Another major campaign promise Obama made was the closure of Guantanamo Bay Prison Camp, which he was unable to accomplish. This has been attributed indirectly to the influence of a deep state.[21]
President Donald Trump's supporters use the term to refer to allegations that intelligence officers and executive branch officials guide policy through leaking or other internal means.[40][22] According to a July 2017 report by the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, "the Trump administration was being hit by national security leaks 'on a nearly daily basis' and at a far higher rate than its predecessors encountered".[41]
Trump and Steve Bannon, his former chief strategist, have both made allegations about a deep state which they believe is interfering with the president's agenda.[42][43][44] In 2018, describing the deep state as an "entrenched bureaucracy", Trump accused the United States Department of Justice "of being part of the 'deep state'" in a statement advocating the prosecution of Huma Abedin.[45] Some Trump allies and right-wing media outlets have alleged that former president Barack Obama is coordinating a deep state resistance to Trump.[42][46] While the belief in a deep state is popular among Trump supporters, critics maintain that it has no basis in reality,[47] arguing that the sources of the leaks frustrating the Trump administration lack the organizational depth of deep states in other countries. Critics also warned that use of the term in the U.S. could undermine confidence in vital institutions and be used to justify suppressing dissent.[42][48]
The Washington Post's long-time conservative columnist, Charles Krauthammer said of the belief in a Deep State:
Rolling Stone magazine, which reported Krauthammer's comment, summarizes the Deep State concept this way: "Is there actually a deep state? If you mean entrenched bureaucracy, then of course there is. If you mean a government-wide conspiracy, then the answer is almost certainly no."[6] Salon magazine traces Donald Trump's belief in a Deep State to conspiracy theorist Alex Jones of Infowars, who, it says, "believes that the government — aka the "deep state" — has orchestrated attacks and events throughout history. This includes the bombing of the Oklahoma City federal building, the massacre at Sandy Hook (he claims that many of the parents were actors), the Boston Marathon attack, and on and on," including believing that the 9/11 attack was "executed by the United States government." The magazine also points to Trump's long-time ally, Roger Stone, as an influence. Stone has written several books which center on conspiracy theories, and blames Lyndon Johnson for the death of President John F. Kennedy, and that Ted Cruz's father was involved in that assassination.[7]
In an article for The New York Review of Books, Michael Tomasky quoted Newt Gingrich as using the term in the context of the Robert Mueller investigation in July 2018, quoting Gingrich stating: "[Mueller is] ... the tip of the deep state spear aimed at destroying or at a minimum undermining and crippling the Trump presidency".[49] Gingrich then added to the statement that: "The brazen redefinition of Mueller's task tells you how arrogant the deep state is and how confident it is it can get away with anything".[49]
Professor of international relations at Harvard University, Stephen Walt, has written: "There's no secret conspiracy or deep state running U.S. foreign policy; to the extent that there is a bipartisan foreign-policy elite, it is hiding in plain sight."[50]
The term has also been used in comments on the "deep state"-like influence allegedly wielded by career military officers such as H. R. McMaster, John Kelly and James Mattis in the Trump administration. The anthropologist C. August Elliott described this state of affairs as the emergence of a 'shallow state': "an America where public servants now function as tugboats guiding the President's very leaky ship through the shallows and away from a potential shipwreck".[51]
On September 5, 2018, The New York Times published an anonymous op-ed titled "I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration" written by a "senior official in the Trump Administration". In the essay, the official was critical of President Trump and claimed "that many of the senior officials in [Trump's] own administration are working diligently from within to frustrate parts of his agenda and his worst inclinations".[52] House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy described this as evidence of the deep state at work,[53] and David Bossie wrote an op-ed at Fox News claiming this was the deep state "working against the will of the American people".[54] However, there was some doubt as to the actual importance of the anonymous author with some estimating hundreds or thousands of possible positions could be considered "senior officials"[55] and the inherent paradox of exposing the existence of such a group.[56]
According to a poll of Americans in April 2017, about half (48%) thought there was a "deep state", defined as "military, intelligence and government officials who try to secretly manipulate government", while about a third (35%) of all participants thought it was a conspiracy theory and the remainder (17%) had no opinion. Of those who believe a "deep state" exists, more than half (58%) said it was a major problem, a net of 28% of those surveyed.[57][58]
A March 2018 poll found most respondents (63%) were unfamiliar with the term "deep state", but a majority believe that a deep state likely exists in the United States when described as "a group of unelected government and military officials who secretly manipulate or direct national policy". Three-fourths (74%) of the respondents say that they believe this type of group definitely (27%) or probably (47%) exists in the federal government.[59][60][61]
An October 2019 The Economist/YouGov poll found that, without giving a definition of "deep state" to respondents, 70% of Republicans, 38% of independents, and 13% of Democrats agreed that a "deep state" was "trying to overthrow Trump."[62]
Глубинное государство (англ. deep state) — теория, согласно которой в США существует скоординированная группа государственных служащих, влияющих на государственную политику без оглядки на демократически избранное руководство.[1][2][3][4][5] Этот термин, который изначально использовался для обозначения теневых правительств в таких странах, как Турция и постсоветская Россия, также был использован в США для обозначения государственных институтов, обладающих властью, но необязательно подразумевающих заговор.[6][7]
Термин получил известность в 2017 году, когда появились многочисленные утечки, влияющие на президентство Трампа.[8]
Сторонники Дональда Трампа использовали термин для обозначения сотрудников разведки и органов исполнительной власти и должностных лиц, которые определяют политику через утечки информации в СМИ или другие внутренние средства.[9] Подозрения в попытках манипуляции были особенно заметны после утечки информации от правительственных чиновников в Вашингтон пост и Нью-Йорк Таймс, которые требовали отставки Майкла Флинна, советника по национальной безопасности при Трампе.[10] Термин стал популярным в консервативных и крайне правых СМИ, сочувствующих администрации Трампа, особенно Брейтбарт Ньюс,[11] однако он широко обсуждался и вне медийного пространства.[12][13]
Члены[кто?] Белого дома Трампа, как сообщается[кем?], относятся к «глубинному государству» привычно. По их мнению, данная структура подрывает авторитет президента.[14] Стратегический глава Белого дома Стивен Бэннон «говорил с Трампом о его мнении насчёт того, что 'глубинное государство' является прямой угрозой для его президентства», как сообщило Вашингтон пост.[15] Некоторые[кто?] союзники Трампа и правые СМИ утверждают[где?], без доказательств, что бывший президент Барак Обама координирует глубинное государство, чтобы оно оказывало сопротивление Трампу.[16] Также растут бездоказательные обвинения в адрес Обамы, что он прослушивал телефон Трампа в Белом доме[17][18].
В то время, пока этот термин популяризируется среди союзников Трампа, среди критиков его использования ходит убеждение, что данный термин используют в США для оправдания новостных утечек, также ссылаясь на то, что в других государствах таких организационных структур нет, а сам термин к тому же используется для подавления инакомыслия в США.[19]
Глубинное государство было определено в 2014 году Майком Лофгреном, бывшим помощником республиканского Конгресса США, как «гибридное слияние государственных чиновников и представителей верхнего уровня финансистов и промышленников, которые эффективно управляют США, не спрашивая об этом избирателей, нарушая суть политического процесса».[20]
В 1956 в книге Властная элита, Чарльз Райт Миллс обозначил происхождение власти и её развитие в Соединенных Штатах. Вывод Миллса таков, что к середине XX века власть в Америке оказалась сосредоточена в трёх основных подразделениях: военно-промышленном комплексе, Уолл-стрите и Пентагоне. До президента Эйзенхауэра феномен «военно-промышленного комплекса» существовал и оказывал влияние на американскую внешнюю и внутреннюю политику. Логику существования этого феномена хорошо рассмотрел и проработал именно Чарльз Райт Миллс.
В книге Сокрытие от государства, профессор Джейсон Ройс Линдси утверждает, что даже если отбросить теории заговоров, то термин «глубинное государство» — это полезный термин, который помогает понять ряд аспектов института национальной безопасности в развитых странах с акцентом на США. Линдси пишет, что глубинное государство черпает силу из национальной безопасности и разведки, превращаясь в царство, где секретность является источником власти.[21]
Pranešimai
Komentarų nėra:
Rašyti komentarą