The terms anno Domini[a][1][2] (AD) and before Christ[3][4][5][6] (BC) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means "in the year of the Lord",[7] but is often translated as "in the year of our Lord".[8][9]
This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years from the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of the era. There is no year zero in this scheme, so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC. This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor, but was not widely used until after 800.[10][11]
The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world today. For decades, it has been the unofficial global standard, adopted in the pragmatic interests of international communication, transportation, and commercial integration, and recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations.[12]
Traditionally, English followed Latin usage by placing the "AD" abbreviation before the year number.[b] However, BC is placed after the year number (for example: AD 2017, but 68 BC), which also preserves syntactic order. The abbreviation is also widely used after the number of a century or millennium, as in "fourth century AD" or "second millennium AD" (although conservative usage formerly rejected such expressions).[14] Because BC is the English abbreviation for Before Christ, it is sometimes incorrectly concluded that AD means After Death, i.e., after the death of Jesus. However, this would mean that the approximate 33 years commonly associated with the life of Jesus would not be included in either of the BC and the AD time scales.[15]
Terminology that is viewed by some as being more neutral and inclusive of non-Christian people is to call this the Current or Common Era (abbreviated as CE), with the preceding years referred to as Before the Common or Current Era (BCE). Astronomical year numbering and ISO 8601 avoid words or abbreviations related to Christianity, but use the same numbers for AD years.
Common Era or Current Era (CE)[1] is a year-numbering system (calendar era) for the Julian and Gregorian calendars that refers to the years since the start of this era, i.e., since AD 1. The preceding era is referred to as before the Common or Current Era (BCE). The Current Era notation system can be used as a secular alternative to the Dionysian era system, which distinguishes eras as AD (anno Domini, "[the] year of [the] Lord")[2] and BC ("before Christ"). The two notation systems are numerically equivalent; thus "2017 CE" corresponds to "AD 2017" and "400 BCE" corresponds to "400 BC".[2][3][4][a] The year-numbering system for the Gregorian calendar is the most widespread civil calendar system used in the world today. For decades, it has been the global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union.
The expression has been traced back to Latin usage to 1615, as vulgaris aerae,[5] and to 1635 in English as "Vulgar Era".[b] The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708,[6] and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish academics. In the later 20th century, the use of CE and BCE was popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally by authors and publishers wishing to emphasize secularism or sensitivity to non-Christians, by not explicitly referencing Jesus as "Christ" and Dominus ("Lord"), shortened from anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi ("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ").[7][8][9]
As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar.[44]
The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar Era"[d] to distinguish dates on the Ecclesiastic calendar from those of the regnal year, the year of reign of a sovereign, typically used in national law.
The first use of the Latin term vulgaris aerae[e] discovered so far was in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler.[5]
Kepler uses it again in a 1616 table of ephemerides,[16] and again in 1617.[17] A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, the earliest-found usage of Vulgar Era in English.[18] A 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6".[19] A 1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, "before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."[20][21] A 1796 book uses the term "vulgar era of the nativity".[22]
The first so-far-discovered usage of "Christian Era" is as the Latin phrase aerae christianae on the title page of a 1584 theology book.[23]In 1649, the Latin phrase æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac.[24] A 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of "Christian Era".[25]
The English phrase "common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,[6] and in a 1715 book on astronomy is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".[26] A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews.[27]The first-so-far found usage of the phrase "before the common era" is in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.[28] The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously.[29] In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",[30] and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era..."[31] The Catholic Encyclopedia (1909) in at least one article[where?]reports all three terms (Christian, Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by the early 20th century.[32]
The phrase "common era", in lower case, also appeared in the 19th century in a generic sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews",[33][34] "the common era of the Mahometans",[35] "common era of the world",[36] "the common era of the foundation of Rome".[37] When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",[38] "common era of the Nativity",[39] or "common era of the birth of Christ".[40]
An adapted translation of Common Era into pseudo-Latin as Era Vulgaris (in Latin this means Common Mistress)[41] was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.[42]
vulgar
1.
characterized by ignorance of or lack of good breeding or taste:
vulgar ostentation.
2.
indecent; obscene; lewd:
a vulgar work; a vulgar gesture.
3.
crude; coarse; unrefined:
a vulgar peasant.
4.
of, relating to, or constituting the ordinary people in a society:
the vulgar masses.
5.
current; popular; common:
a vulgar success; vulgar beliefs.
6.
spoken by, or being in the language spoken by, the people generally;vernacular:
vulgar tongue.
7.
lacking in distinction, aesthetic value, or charm; banal; ordinary:
a vulgar painting.
8.
Archaic. the common people.
9.
Obsolete. the vernacular.
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KODĖL IR JĖZAUS KRISTAUS ERA VADINAMA VULGARIĄJA ERA, IR BIBELIS
Vulgar Era
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